The Ottoman penetration into Europe in the 1350s and their capture of Constantinople later in 1453 opened new floodgates for slave-trade from the European front. In their last attempt to overrun Europe in 1683, the Ottoman army, although defeated, returned from the Gates of Vienna with 80,000 captives.874 An immense number of slaves flowed from the Crimea, the Balkans and the steppes of West Asia to Islamic markets. BD Davis laments that the ‘‘Tartars and other Black Sea peoples had sold millions of Ukrainians, Georgians, Circassians, Greeks, Armenians, Bulgarians, Slavs and Turks,’’ which received little notice.875 Crimean Tatars enslaved and sold some 1,750,000 Ukrainians, Poles and Russian between 1468 and 1694. 876 According to another estimate, between 1450 and 1700, the Crimean Tatars exported some 10,000 slaves, including some Circassians, annually—that is, some 2,500,000 slaves in all, to the Ottoman Empire.877 The Tatar slave-raiding Khans returned with 18,000 slaves from Poland (1463), 100,000 from Lvov (1498), 60,000 from South Russia (1515), 50,000–100,000 from Galicia (1516), during the ‘harvesting of the steppe.’ Numbers from Moscow (1521), 800,000 were taken and from Valynia (1676), 400,000 were taken. 800,000 from Moscow (1521), 200,000 from South Russia (1555), 100,000 from Moscow (1571), 50,000 from Poland (1612), 60,000 from South Russia (1646), 100,000 from Poland (1648), 300,000 from Ukraine (1654), 400,000 from Valynia (1676) and thousands from Poland (1694). Besides these major catches, they made countless more Jihad raids during the same period, which yielded a few to tens of thousands of slaves.878 These figures of enslavement must be considered in the context that the population of the Tatar Khanate was only about 400,000 at the time. (1463-1694) while sources are incomplete, conservative tabulation of the slave raids against the Eastern European population indicate that at least 7 Million European people-men, women, children were enslaved by Muslims.

Sources suggest that in the few years between 1436-1442, some 500,000 people were seized in the Balkans. Many of the captives died in forced marches towards Anatolia (Turkey). Contemporary chronicles note that the Ottomans reduced masses of the inhabitants of Greece, Romania, and the Balkans to slavery eg from Moree (1460)-70,000 and Transylvania (1438) - 60,000-70,000 and 300,000-600,000 from Hungary and 10,000 from Mytilene/Mitilini on Lesbos island (1462) (Bulgaru p 567) and so it continued.

Barbary Slavery
Ohio State University history Professor Robert Davis describes the White Slave Trade as minimized by most modern historians in his book Christian Slaves, Muslim Masters: White Slavery in the Mediterranean, the Barbary Coast and Italy, 1500–1800 (Palgrave Macmillan). Davis estimates that 1 million to 1.25 million white Christian Europeans were enslaved in North Africa, from the beginning of the 16th century to the middle of the 18th, by slave traders from Tunis, Algiers, and Tripoli alone (these numbers do not include the European people which were enslaved by Morocco and by other raiders and traders of the Mediterranean Sea coast), 16th- and 17th-century customs statistics suggest that Istanbul's additional slave import from the Black Sea may have totaled around 2.5 million from 1450 to 1700. The markets declined after the loss of the Barbary Wars and finally ended in the 1830s, when the region was conquered by France.

In 1544, the island of Ischia off Naples was ransacked, taking 4,000 inhabitants prisoners, while some 9,000 inhabitants of Lipari Island off the north coast of Sicily were enslaved.870 Turgut Reis, a Turkish pirate chief, ransacked the coastal settlements of Granada (Spain) in 1663 and carried away 4,000 people as slaves.

The barbaric slave-raiding activities of the Muslim pirates had a telling effect on Europe. France, England, and Spain lost thousands of ships, devastating to their sea-borne trade. Long stretches of the coast in Spain and Italy were almost completely abandoned by their inhabitants until the nineteenth century. The finishing industry was virtually devastated.

Paul Baepler’s White Slaves, African Masters: An Anthology of American Barbary Captivity Narratives lists a collection of essays by nine American captives held in North Africa. According to his book, there were more than 20,000 white Christian slaves by 1620 in Algiers alone; their number swelled to more than 30,000 men and 2,000 women by the 1630s. There were a minimum of 25,000 white slaves at any time in Sultan Moulay Ismail’s palace, records Ahmed ez-Zayyani; Algiers maintained a population of 25,000 white slaves between 1550 and 1730, and their numbers could double at certain times. During the same period, Tunis and Tripoli each maintained a white slave population of about 7,500. The Barbary pirates enslaved some 5,000 Europeans annually over a period of nearly three centuries.

Linklere tıklayarak destek olmanızı rica ederiz..

http://link.tl/1R04A

http://link.tl/1R02n

http://link.tl/1R01d

Unesco has warned that half of all the languages spoken on the planet will are likely to disappear by the end of the century, and some say we all stand to lose once they are gone.

There are more than 7,000 languages currently spoken in the world - many aren't recorded and don't have a written form.
 
Their loss could limit our knowledge about history, culture and nature.
 
Nisreen El-Shamayleh reports on the Circassian diaspora in Jordan.

Two jaded space tourism employees (Jack Reynor, Benedict Wong) take up an elderly woman's (Geraldine Chaplin) request for a trip back to Earth - a planet whose existence is a long-debunked myth. She's easily confused but very rich, so what's the harm in indulging her fantasies? As the journey unfolds, their scam begins to eat away at them and they ultimately find themselves dealt a bittersweet surprise.

Sosyal medyada ''Çerkes Kreş'' meselesi tartışılıyor, bu meselenin tartışılması ve en önemlisi toplum tarafından benimsenmesi beni ziyadesiyle mutlu ediyor.

Yıllardır bu konun önemi vurgulanmakta ama ne yazık ki somut bir sonuca ulaşamadık. Umarım özverili çalışmalar sayesinde bu hedefe ulaşır ve kısa zamanda Çerkesler'in yaşadığı her ilde en az bir kreşimiz olur.

Bu konuya, 14 Eylül'de Çoğulcu TV'de Vahdet Kap ile yaptığım söyleşide değinmiştim, ekteki kısa videoda Ankara'da kurmayı hayal ettiğimiz Kreş ile ilgili yorumlarımı içermektedir, izleyip yorumlarınızı benle paylaşırsanız sevinirim.

Söyleşinin devamını alttaki linkten ulaşabilirsiniz:

https://bit.ly/3zlIBGP

Occurred on July 25, 2018 / Nalchik, Russia<br /><br />Info from Licensor: "the driver of a black Lada did not cope with the control at speed and crashed into the fence. The driver is OK, I have a damaged front bumper."

Circassia

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Rare Khajuraho Kama Statues

From Russia's secret societies, from the Circassian genocide, from the Chechen war and from the terrorist attacks, this is the dark history of Russia

0:00 - Intro
0:20 - Operation INFEKTION
1:58- Domodedovo Airport b*mbing
3:02 - Circassian Genocide
6:40 - Budyonnovsk hospital hostage crisis
7:41- Petrashevsky Circle
11:35 - Credits and end

Sources:
Troyan, N. (1946). The Philosophical Opinions of the Petrashevsky Circle. Philosophy and Phenomenological Research, 6(3), 363-380.

https://www.britannica.com/bio....graphy/Fyodor-Dostoy

https://wiki.ubc.ca/Petrashevsky_Circle

Richmond, W. (2013). The Circassian Genocide. In The Circassian Genocide. Rutgers University Press.

Shenfield, S. D. (1999). The Circassians: A forgotten genocide?. The Massacre in History, 1.

Dolnik, A., & Pilch, R. (2003). The Moscow theater hostage crisis: the perpetrators, their tactics, and the Russian response. International Negotiation, 8(3), 577-611.

https://www.rferl.org/a/after-....25-years-budyonnovsk

https://www.theguardian.com/wo....rld/2009/apr/16/chec

Balzer, M. M. (2011). North Caucasus: Civic Values, Vigils, and Vigilantes: Editor's Introduction. Anthropology & Archeology of Eurasia, 49(4), 3-11.

https://www.history.com/this-d....ay-in-history/cheche

Jeppsson, A. (2017). How East Germany fabricated the myth of HIV being man-made. Journal of the International Association of Providers of AIDS Care (JIAPAC), 16(6), 519-522.

https://www.wilsoncenter.org/b....log-post/operation-d

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Adygeya TV news in Circassian language about the international Circassian Festival of culture 2008

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#circassianchicken
الشركسية هو طبق من الدجاج المسلوق يقدم مع صلصة غنية محضرة من الجوز المطحون ومرق سميك بخبز التوست. الدجاج الشركسي هو طبق ملكي، أخذناه في مصر من المطبخ العثماني اأثناء احتلالهم لمصر. على الرغم من أنه كان يقدم عادة كطبق رئيسي ، إلا أنه أصبح شائعًا كفاتح للشهية .
Circassian chicken is a dish of boiled chicken served with a rich sauce made with crushed walnuts, and stock thickened with toast bread. Circassian Chicken is a royal dish, adopted by the Imperial Ottoman cuisine during their occupation to Egypt. Although it was typically served as a main course, it became popular as an appetizer.
preparation time: 45 mins cooking time: 1 hr serve: 6-8 person
وقت التحضير: 45 دقيقة التسوية: ساعة التقديم 6-8 أشخاص

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Lyaparisye 2 · Betal Ivanov

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Released on: 2019-04-30

Composer: Traditional
Composer: Бетал Иванов

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